Etika Sebagai Tinjauan

Nama          : Nita Ratnasari

NPM           : 25212355

Kelas          : 4EB23

 

1.     Pengertian Etika

Etika adalah ilmu tentang apa yang baik, apa yang buruk dan tentang hak dan kewajiban moral. Pengertian ini muncul mengingat etika berasal dari bahasa Yunani kuno "ethos"(jamak: ta etha), yang berarti adat kebiasaan, cara berkipikir, akhlak, sikap, watak, cara bertindak. Kemudian diturunkan kata ethics (Inggris), etika(indonesia). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, 1988, menjelaskan etika dengan membedakan tiga arti, yakni: Ilmu tentang apa yang baik dan buruk, kumpulan azas atau nilai, dan nilai mengenai benar dan salah. Dengan pembedaan tiga definsi etika tersebut maka kita mendapatkan pemahaman etika yang lebih lengkap mengenai apa itu etika, sekaligus kita lebih mampu memahami pengertian etika yang sering sekali muncul dalam pembicaraan sehari-hari, baik secara lisan maupun tertulis. Objek etika adalah alam yang berubah, terutama alam manusia.

 

Berikut ini beberapa Pengertian Etika Menurut para Ahli:

·         Menurut K. Bertens: Etika adalah nilai-nila dan norma-norma moral, yang menjadi pegangan bagi seseorang atau suatu kelompok dalam mengatur tingkah lakunya. 

·         Menurut W. J. S. Poerwadarminto: Etika adalah ilmu pengetahuan tentang asas-asas akhlak (moral).

·         Menurut Prof. DR. Franz Magnis Suseno: Etika adalah ilmu yang mencari orientasi atau ilmu yang memberikan arah dan pijakan pada tindakan manusia.

·         Menurut Ramali dan Pamuncak: Etika adalah pengetahuan tentang prilaku yang benar dalam satu profesi.

·         Menurut H. A. Mustafa: Etika adalah ilmu yang menyelidiki, mana yang baik dan mana yang buruk dengan memperhatikan amal perbuatan manusia sejauh yang dapat diketahui oleh akal pikiran.

 

2.     Prinsip-prinsip Etika

Berdasarkan buku yang berjudul “The Great Ideas “ yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1952,dalam buku tersebut diringkas menjadi 6 prinsip dan merupakan landasan prinsipil dari etika.Prinsip-prinsip tersebut adalah:

 

·         Prinsip Keindahan

Prinsip ini didasari pada rasa senang  terhadap keindahan,ada yang mengatakan bahwa hidup dan kehidupan manusia itu adalah keindahan.Maka dari itu etika manusia berkaiatan atau mencakup nilai-nilai keindahan.oleh karena itu kita sebagai manusia memerlukan penampilan yang serasi dan indah atau enak dipandang mata dalam berpakaian,dan menggunakannya pada waktu yang tepat,bukankah tidak etis bila seseorang memakai gaun kekantor atau tidak memakai sepatu kekantor bahkan tidak sepatutnya seseorang menghadapi tamunya dengan menggunakan pakaian tidur.

 

·         Prinsip Persamaan

Menghendaki adanya persamaan antara manusia yang satu dengan yang lain merupakan hakekat kemanusiaan.Setiap manusia yang dilahirkan kebumi masing-masing memiliki hak dan kewajiban,pada dasarnya manusia   memiliki derajat yang sama dengan manusia lainnya.

Konsekuensi dari ajaran persamaan ras   menuntut persamaan diantara beraneka ragam etnis,watak,karakter atau pandangan hidup yang berbeda-beda.Begitu banyak keragaman etnis namun kedudukan sebagai suatu kelompok masyarakat adalah sama.Allah juga telah menciptakan manusia dengan jenis kelaminyang berbeda ada pria dan wanita,begtu juga dengn bentuk fisiknya sangat berbeda,tapi secara hakiki keduanya membutuhkan persamaan dan pengakuan atas hak asasi mereka dan kedudukan dihadapan Allah adalah sama.Etika yang dilandasi oleh pinsip persamaan(equality) dapat menghilangkan prilaku diskriminatif,yang membeda-bedakan dalam aspek interaksi manusia.

 

·         Prinsip Kebaikan

Pada umumnya kebaikan berarti sifat dari sesuatu yang mengakibatkan pujian.Perkataan yang baik mengadung sifat seperti persetujuan, pujian, keunggulan, kekaguman, atau ketetapan, makanya prinsip kebaikan sangat erat kaitannya dengan hasrat dan cinta,misalnya jika kita menginginkan kebaikan dari suatu ilmu pengetahuan maka kita akan mengandalkan obyektivitas ilmiah, pengetahuan,rasionalis, maka yang diperlukan adalah sikap sadar hukum. Jadi prinsip kebaikan adalah prinsip universal.

 

·         Prinsip Keadilan

Keadilan adalah kemauan yang tetap dan kekal untuk memberikan kepada setiap orang apa yang semestinya.

 

·         Prinsip Kebebasan

Kebebasan muncul dari doktrin bahwa setiap orang memiliki hidupnya sendiri serta memiliki hak untuk bertindak menurut pilihannya sendiri,kecuali jika pilihan tersebut melanggar kebebasan dari orang lain.kebebasan manusia adalah kemampuan untuk menentukan sendiri,kesanggupan untuk mempertanggung jawabkan perbuatannya, syarat yang memungkinkan manusia untuk melaksanakan pilihan-pilihannya beserta kosekuensi dari pilihan itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu tidak ada kebebasan tanpa tanggung jawab dan tidak ada tanggung jawab tanpa kebebasan.semakin besar kebebasan yang kita miliki semakin besar pula tanggung jawab yang kita pikul.

 

·         Pinsip Kebenaran

Ide kebenaran sering kita pakai dalam pembicaraan mengenai logika ilmiah,sehingga kita mengenal kriteria kebenaran dalam berbagai ilmu,contoh matematika ,tapi ada juga kebenaran mutlak yang dapat dibuktikan dengan keyakinan,bukan dengan fakta yang ditelaah oleh teologi dan ilmuagama.Kebenaran harus dapat ditunjukkan dan dibuktikan agar masyarakat merasa yakin dengan kebenaran.

 

 

3.     Basis Teori Etika

1)   Etika Teleologi

            Teleologi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu telos yang memiliki arti tujuan. Dalam hal mengukur baik buruknya suatu tindakan yaitu berdasarkan tujuan yang akan dicapai atau berdasarkan akibat yang ditimbulkan dari tidakan yang telah dilakukan. Dalam tori teleologi terdapat dua aliran, yaitu.

a.    Egoisme etis

        Inti pandangan dari egoisme adalah tindakan dari setiap orang pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk mengejar kepentingan pribadi dan memajukan diri sendiri.

b.    Utilitarianisme berasal dari bahasa Latin yaitu utilis yang memiliki arti bermanfaat. Menurut toeri ini, suatu perbuatan memiliki arti baik jika membawa manfaat bagi seluruh masyarakat ( The greatest happiness of the greatest number ).

 

2)   Deontologi

Deontologi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu deon yang memiliki arti kewajiban. Jika terdapat pertanyaan “Mengapa perbuatan ini baik dan perbuatan itu harus ditolak karena buruk?”. Maka Deontologi akan menjawab “karena perbuatan pertama menjadi kewajiban kita dank arena perbuatan kedua dilarang”. Pendekatan deontologi sudah diterima oleh agama dan merupakan salah satu teori etika yang penting.

 

3)    Teori Hak

           Dalam pemikiran moral saat ini, teori hak merupakan pendekatan yang paling banyak dipakai untuk mengevaluasi baik buruknya suatu perbuatan atau perilaku. Teori hak ini merupaka suatu aspek dari teori deontologi karena berkaitan dengan kewajiban. Hak didasarkan atas martabat manusia dan martabat semua manusia adalah sama. Oleh karena itu, hak sangat cocok dengan suasana pemikiran demokratis.

 

4)    Teori Keutamaan ( Virtue )

            Dalam teori keutamaan memandang sikap atau akhlak seseorang. Keutamaan bisa didefinisikan sebagai disposisi watak yang telah diperoleh seseorang dan memungkinkan seseorang untuk bertingkah laku baik secara moral. Contoh sifat yang dilandaskan oleh teori keutamaan yaitu kebijaksanaan, keadilan, suka bekerja keras dan hidup yang baik

 

4.     Egoism

            Egoism merupakan suatu bentuk ketidak adilan kepada orang lain. Inti dari pandangan egoism adalah tindakan dari setiap orang pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk mengejar kepentingan pribadi untuk memajukan dirinya sendiri. Hal seperti ini juga dapat dijadikan satu – satu tujuan dari tindakan moral setiap manusia. Egoism ini baru menjadi persoalan serius ketika seseorang cenderung menjadi hedoistis, yaitu ketika kebahagiaan dan kepentingan pribadi diterjemahkan semata – mata sebagai kenikmatan fisik yang bersifat vulgar.

            Fokus dari teori ini adalah One should always act in one’s own best interest. Self interest berbeda arti dengan selfishness karena memenuhi kepentingan pribadi ( self interest ) merupakan sesuatu yang baik, sedangkan selfishnessterjadi ketika pemenuhan kepentingan pribadi merugikan pihak lain.

            Egoism tidak cocok dengan kegiatan manusia sebagai mekhluk sosial. Egoism tidak mampu memecahkan masalah ketika perselisihan muncul.

 

 

Contoh Kasus :

JAMBI, KOMPAS.com – Seorang akuntan publik yang membuat laporan keuangan perusahaan Raden Motor untuk mendapatkan pinjaman modal senilai Rp 52 miliar dari BRI Cabang Jambi pada 2009, diduga terlibat kasus korupsi dalam kredit macet.

Hal ini terungkap setelah pihak Kejati Jambi mengungkap kasus dugaan korupsi tersebut pada kredit macet untuk pengembangan usaha di bidang otomotif tersebut.

Fitri Susanti, kuasa hukum tersangka Effendi Syam, pegawai BRI yang terlibat kasus itu, Selasa (18/5/2010) mengatakan, setelah kliennya diperiksa dan dikonfrontir keterangannya dengan para saksi, terungkap ada dugaan kuat keterlibatan dari Biasa Sitepu sebagai akuntan publik dalam kasus ini. Hasil pemeriksaan dan konfrontir keterangan tersangka dengan saksi Biasa Sitepu terungkap ada kesalahan dalam laporan keuangan perusahaan Raden Motor dalam mengajukan pinjaman ke BRI.

Ada empat kegiatan data laporan keuangan yang tidak dibuat dalam laporan tersebut oleh akuntan publik, sehingga terjadilah kesalahan dalam proses kredit dan ditemukan dugaan korupsinya. “Ada empat kegiatan laporan keuangan milik Raden Motor yang tidak masuk dalam laporan keuangan yang diajukan ke BRI, sehingga menjadi temuan dan kejanggalan pihak kejaksaan dalam mengungkap kasus kredit macet tersebut,” tegas Fitri.

Keterangan dan fakta tersebut terungkap setelah tersangka Effendi Syam diperiksa dan dikonfrontir keterangannya dengan saksi Biasa Sitepu sebagai akuntan publik dalam kasus tersebut di Kejati Jambi.

Semestinya data laporan keuangan Raden Motor yang diajukan ke BRI saat itu harus lengkap, namun dalam laporan keuangan yang diberikan tersangka Zein Muhamad sebagai pimpinan Raden Motor ada data yang diduga tidak dibuat semestinya dan tidak lengkap oleh akuntan publik.

Tersangka Effendi Syam melalui kuasa hukumnya berharap pihak penyidik Kejati Jambi dapat menjalankan pemeriksaan dan mengungkap kasus dengan adil dan menetapkan siapa saja yang juga terlibat dalam kasus kredit macet senilai Rp 52 miliar, sehingga terungkap kasus korupsinya.

Sementara itu pihak penyidik Kejaksaan yang memeriksa kasus ini belum maumemberikan komentar banyak atas temuan keterangan hasil konfrontir tersangka Effendi Syam dengan saksi Biasa Sitepu sebagai akuntan publik tersebut.

Kasus kredit macet yang menjadi perkara tindak pidana korupsi itu terungkap setelah kejaksaan mendapatkan laporan adanya penyalahgunaan kredit yang diajukan tersangka Zein Muhamad sebagai pimpinan Raden Motor. Dalam kasus ini pihak Kejati Jambi baru menetapkan dua orang tersangka, pertama Zein Muhamad sebagai pimpinan Raden Motor yang mengajukan pinjaman dan tersangka Effedi Syam dari BRI yang saat itu menjabat sebagai pejabat penilai pengajuan kredit.

 

 

 

 Referensi :

http://www.pengertianahli.com/2013/10/pengertian-etika-menurut-para-ahli.html#

http://emma-etikadalamorganisasipemerintah.blogspot.co.id/p/prinsip-prinsip-etika.html

http://keziastephani02.blogspot.co.id/2013/09/tugas-softskill-teori-etika-profesi.html

http://novitaekakartika.blogspot.co.id/2014/09/etika-bisnis-pengertian-prinsip-basis_28.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

learning english

Nama : Nita Ratnasari

NPM  : 25212355

The Importance of Studying English
             It is a big concerned for teenagers nowadays as they are unaware of the importance of English language as they tend to ignore to learn the language. Students’ attitude towards the language is also crucial to make sure that these teenagers can face the future world better by learning English language as it is an international language. Although the government has repeatedly told us of the importance of English, many students are still not bothered about studying it seriously. There is also a campaign that still on to make all the Malaysian becomes a better English learner, which is ‘Enhance Proficiency in Bahasa Malaysia, Strengthen the English’. English is the most important and the most useful language in the world today. There are many reasons why you should study the language properly.

            First and foremost, English will definitely help you a lot when you want to further studies. Almost all books at university are written in English in all subjects. Plus, it is a compulsory for any candidate to pass English with credit before entering any universities. So, if you are poor in English, you will blow you chance for better education or worse, you are going to have a big problem studying at university.

            The second reason why you have to study English well is that it will help you to get a job. When you go for a job interview, the interviewer will surely talk to you in English. The first impression you should give in order to success and have the job is, to respond in English fluently. Your chances of getting the job are very slim if you stutter while interviewing.

            A good command in of English will also help you greatly in your job. If the company you work is actively involved in international trade, you have to speak to prospective customers in English. Miscommunication might occur if your English is bad. And this will put your company at risk and you will likely be dismissed if this happen.

            Good English will also help you a lot when you travel. Every country in the world studies English. Even the roadside stall-holders in China speak fairly good English! At least some of the people you meet on your travels in other countries can understand English. The language is certainly practical when you are lost in your trip. Communication problem will not happen if you can converse well in English. Inevitably, English is one of the languages used in any airport in the world in making announcement. Knowing English well, therefore, make travelling overseas easier.

            Besides all these, entertainment is one of the major advantages you will experience if you good in English. You will enjoy television’s best programmes. We must admit that many of the best programmes are produced by the Americans and British companies. High self confidence influenced by the programmes will indirect inculcate in yourself when you are fluent in the language. Quality time is worthily spent if you understand and enjoy the programmes.

            Based from all the above elaboration, I hope that students will see the importance and realise how importance the language is for their own future. Although it is a second language in our country, it is now a main language all over the world.

http://goodessays.blogspot.com/2014/01/importance-of-studying-english-sample.html

 

GLOBAL WARMING

GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is the warming near the earth's surface that results when the earth's atmosphere traps the sun's heat. The earth is getting warmer. The changes are small, so far, but they are expected to grow and speed up. Within the next fifty to one hundred years, the earth may be hotter than it has been in the past million years. As oceans warm and glaciers melt, land and cities along coasts may be flooded. Heat and drought may cause forests to die and food crops to fail. Global warming will affect weather everywhere, plants and animals everywhere, people everywhere; humans are warming the earth's atmosphere by burning fuels, cutting down forest, and by taking part in other activities that release certain heat trapping gases into the air.

Global warming is affecting many parts of the world. Due to global warming, the glaciers are melting which are causing the rise in the sea level. When the level of the sea rises, it cause danger to the people living in the low lying areas. So, this cause a big problem for the people, plants and animals living on the earth. When the level of the sea rises, it covers the plants and causes some of them to die. When they die, animals lose their main source of food. We, human beings lose our two sources of food, plants and animals. It may also force people to lose their homes. In other words, the whole chain will get affected if nothing is done on time to stop global warming from spreading it’s wings.

There are few of the main causes that are contributing their best towards global warming, such as Landfills, Pollution, Deforestation, Population, etc. Landfills are those big chunks of garbage that you must have seen on some expressway, when you go out of your city, that stink. When we throw garbage out of our house it goes to landfills. The garbage is is then used by big recycling companies to make some useful products out from that garbage. Most of the time that garbage is burnt which then release some toxic gases into the atmosphere. These enormous amount of toxic greenhouse gases when go into the atmosphere makes global warming worse.

The other causes is pollution. Pollution whether it is vehicular, electrical or industrial is the main contributor to the global warming. Everyday billions of vehicles release various gases into the atmosphere. This causes earth to warm up and increase its average temperature. Electricity causes pollution in many ways.

Fossil fuels are burnt for example coal. Coal is burnt to produce electricity. Coal is the major fuel that is burnt in these power plants. Coal produces around 1.7 times as much carbon dioxide per unit of energy when flamed as does natural gas and 1.25 times as much as oil. Over 75% of the electricity worldwide is produced by burning fossil fuels. Many gases are sent into the air when fossil fuels are burnt of which main is the carbon dioxide gas.

Industries on the other hand release various gases into the water and air. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide are the major greenhouse gases. Different gases have different heat trapping capabilities. Some of them trap more heat than carbon dioxide. Methane is much more effective then carbon dioxide in entrapping heat in the atmosphere. By driving cars, using electricity from coal fired plants and heating up our homes from natural gases, we release carbon dioxide and other heat trapping gases in the atmosphere.

Deforestation is the cutting down of trees and plants to make way for any development activity. Carbon dioxide is the air that our body lets out when we breathe. Trees take in this carbon dioxide and release oxygen that we breathe in. With the cutting down of more and more trees is leading to greater concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. This means that it is very important to protect our trees to stop the greenhouse effect, and also so we can breathe and live. Deforestation is blamed for rise in the greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere by cutting or burning them. New development projects, requirement of land for homes and factories, requirement for wood and also soil erosion are the major factors that are causing deforestation, which in turn leading to global warming.

Another cause of global warming is population. Since Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming, the increase in population makes the problem worse because we breathe out carbon dioxide. More people means more demand for food, more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, more demand for cars, more demand for homes and they all in some how or other lead to global warming. More demand for food will lead to more transportation since movement of goods and services is done by transportation sector. More demand for cars means more pollution in the air and more traffic on the roads which means longer waiting time on the traffic lights and will result more burning of fuel. More demand for homes means cutting down of trees to make way for homes, schools and colleges.

Research shows that global warming is affecting every aspect of life. The increase in the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has far-reaching impact on biodiversity and climatic conditions of the planet. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. In short, global warming represents a fundamental threat to all living things on earth. Global average temperature rised significantly during the past century. The prevailing scientific view is that most of the temperature increases since mid-20th century has been caused by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations produced by human activity. Most scientists agree that planet’s temperature has risen 0.5 degree Celsius since 1900 and will continue to increase at an increasing rate. As a result, the world is getting warmer. The year 1990 was the hottest year in the last century. Together with 1991, the years of 1983, 1987, 1988 and 1989 have been measured to be the warmest six years in the last hundred years. The year 1991 was the second warmest year of the past century.

The consequences of the rise in temperature is being felt all over the globe the findings of scientific research done in this field reveal that the temperature of the earth is likely to rise from 1.4°C to 5.8°C within a period of 100 years. Unfortunately, the imbalance which we have created between our life and earth is already showing the signs disasters in the form of flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If the imbalance continues to rise, one day this will pose a question mark on the existence of this planet. Carbon dioxide (C02) which is an important constituent of environment is causing a warming effect on the earth’s surface.

It increases the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. Since water vapour itself is a greenhouse gas, this causes still more warming. The warming causes more water vapour to be evaporated. The C02 level is expected to rise in future due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and landuse change. The rate of rise will depend largely on uncertain economic, sociological, technological and natural developments. Other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone are also responsible for global warming. Increases in all these gases are due to explosive population growth, increased industrial expansion, technological advancement, deforestation and growing urbanisation, etc.

 Trees play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. They are the largest land-based mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the air. Deforestation is checking these positive processes. It is the second principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed. As a consequence of massive loss of forests, global CO, levels rise approximately 0.4 per cent each year, the levels not experienced on this planet for millions of years. As we know the forests are the great absorbers of CO.

The sea levels as a result of melting of glaciers have risen from 0.35 mm to 0.4 mm. Scientists have warned in their reports that most of the glaciers will disappear within a period of 15 to 25 years. It will create problems of drinking water and food grains in most of the North American countries. India is not unaffected from it. The Himalayan glaciers have shrunk about 30 per cent after 1970. The rise in sea levels is a major cause of concern. A large number of cities located in coastal areas will submerge in the sea. Besides, many island countries will ultimately “lose their existence and will be washed away from the surface of the earth. The damage of rising sea levels is diverse. Buildings and roads close to the water could be flooded and they could suffer damage from hurricanes and tropical storms. Experts believe that global warming could increase the intensity of hurricanes by over 50 per cent. In addition, as the sea rises, beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks.

The solutions for global warming issues is make a future fuels. Replacing fossil fuels may prove the great challenge of the 21st century. Many contenders exist, ranging from ethanol derived from crops to hydrogen electrolyzed out of water, but all of them have some drawbacks, too, and none are immediately available at the scale needed. Biofuels can have a host of negative impacts, from driving up food prices to sucking up more energy than they produce. Hydrogen must be created, requiring either reforming natural gas or electricity to crack water molecules. Biodiesel hybrid electric vehicles (that can plug into the grid overnight) may offer the best transportation solution in the short term, given the energy density of diesel and the carbon neutral ramifications of fuel from plants as well as the emissions of electric engines. A recent study found that the present amount of electricity generation in the U.S. could provide enough energy for the country's entire fleet of automobiles to switch to plug-in hybrids, reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the process. But plug-in hybrids would still rely on electricity, now predominantly generated by burning dirty coal. Massive investment in low-emission energy generation, whether solar-thermal power or nuclear fission, would be required to radically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. And even more speculative energy sources—hyperefficient photovoltaic cells, solar energy stations in orbit or even fusion—may ultimately be required.

A potentially simpler and even bigger impact can be made by doing more with less. Citizens of many developed countries are profligate wasters of energy, whether by speeding in a gas-guzzling sport-utility vehicle or leaving the lights on when not in a room. Good driving—and good car maintenance, such as making sure tires are properly inflated—can limit the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle and, perhaps more importantly, lower the frequency of payment at the pump. Similarly, employing more efficient refrigerators, air conditioners and other appliances, such as those rated highly under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Energy Star program, can cut electric bills while something as simple as weatherproofing the windows of a home can reduce heating and cooling bills. Such efforts can also be usefully employed at work, whether that means installing more efficient turbines at the power plant or turning the lights off when you leave the office.

Transportation is the second leading source of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. (burning a single gallon of gasoline produces 20 pounds of CO₂). But it doesn't have to be that way. One way to dramatically curtail transportation fuel needs is to move closer to work, use mass transit, or switch to walking, cycling or some other mode of transport that does not require anything other than human energy. There is also the option of working from home and telecommuting several days a week. Cutting down on long-distance travel would also help, most notably airplane flights, which are one of the fastest growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions and a source that arguably releases such emissions in the worst possible spot (higher in the atmosphere). Flights are also one of the few sources of globe-warming pollution for which there isn't already a viable alternative: jets rely on kerosene, because it packs the most energy per pound, allowing them to travel far and fast, yet it takes roughly 10 gallons of oil to make one gallon of JetA fuel. Restricting flying to only critical, long-distance trips—in many parts of the world, trains can replace planes for short- to medium-distance trips—would help curb airplane emissions.

The other solutions is stop cutting down trees. Every year, 33 million acres of forests are cut down. Timber harvesting in the tropics alone contributes 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon to the atmosphere. That represents 20 percent of human-made greenhouse gas emissions and a source that could be avoided relatively easily. Improved agricultural practices along with paper recycling and forest management—balancing the amount of wood taken out with the amount of new trees growing—could quickly eliminate this significant chunk of emissions. And when purchasing wood products, such as furniture or flooring, buy used goods or, failing that, wood certified to have been sustainably harvested. The Amazon and other forests are not just the lungs of the earth, they may also be humanity's best short-term hope for limiting climate change or global warming.

References

1.      http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GlobalWarmingCauses.php

2.      http://www.shareyouressays.com/2893/1309-words-essay-on-global-warming-causes-effects-and-remedies

3.      http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/10-solutions-for-climate-change/

DRUGS ABUSE

DRUGS ABUSE

One of the big problems in Indonesia is the issue of drugs abuse among the youth. Most people now already know what drugs is, drugs are deadly objects and how to use them can be done by means of inhaled, injected or by drunk. The way to get the drug was now very easy because of the presence of drugs are now scattered throughout the world and that selling drugs is now very much. The victims of drug abuse is now very much and do not look at people and age. When someone already using drugs then the person would be regrettable if addicted. Deeply in spare when teenagers in Indonesia taking drugs because by wearing or using drugs effects will arise is that it can cause death.

            Many factors causing teenagers use of drugs originally they ventured, lack of attention from parents, the bad and promiscuity friend. A teenager sometimes felt eager and they begin to try and drift by a drug addict and brought them into the highly misleading. They will do anything to be bought and get the drug. After taking the drug that they cannot think to clearly and they cannot distinguish which is right and which is wrong for their lives. One who consumes drug will be losing my edge higher in fact they do not remember the allah. There are too much impact will arise because the use of drugs for example: teenagers will go free, and promiscuity free sex and drunken.

            Many people who had been taking drugs to excess would be at risk of death because of drugs can interfere with the immune system of the body. The users of drugs csn affected of AIDS disease which is caused by the HIV. A virus can be transmitted by the used interchangeably of syringes or syringes are not steril. Much people think people who use drugs will be desperate to do anything. The man who have become addicts to be indifferent or do not care at others because they believe in this world nothing is important unless it can be taking drugs.

            Lately the spread of drugs not preventable anymore because we too much people spreading not liable . The unscrupulous have already started to in search of prey at school , discotheques nor in places where young people gather . Drug users have physical features and behaviors that very different to others who do not use drugs . One who wears drugs can be seen from the face of lethargy , red eyes , dry mouth , brownish red lips , behave strange and be relaxed . The other features , for example: to be morose or become loner , hang out with a friend until night , away of the family , petulant and selfish , so that the addict were there recklessness in do whatever he wanted .

            In indonesia problem of drugs is still difficult to finish can in individually , but these drug problem to be solved jointly . Now the effort that can be done to minimize the use of drugs for teenagers , the most important is the role of parents , family and the surrounding environment . A child really need affection from his parents because affection of parents who will help the youth to avoid drugs . As parents must paid enough attention both in terms of materil , emotional , intellectual and social . Efforts at prevention can do with how to improve and ketakwaan faith to god and avoid bad habits like drink liquor and smoking

            We can also make efforts prevention by anti narcotics order to provide counseling to schools and universities , to the person who already use drugs we have to persuade them that they may want to undergo rehabilitation . Every human being must have made a mistake so never give up , we have to going to get to be able to reach their . The youth indonesia should be brave said it was great to narkoba.generasi are the drug who do not use .

PASSIVE

Nama   : Nita Ratnasari

NPM   : 25212355

Kelas   : 3eb23

Active / Passive Forms

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.

Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

Active to Passive Overview

Tenses	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

 

Passive to Active Overview

No	Tenses	Passive Voice Structure + Example	Active Voice Structure + Example
1	Simple Present Tense	S + to be (am, are, is) + V3 + by + O	S + V1 + O
		The floor is always cleaned by my mother every morning	My mother always cleans the floor every morning
2	Present Continuous Tense	S + to be (am, are, is) + being + V3 + by + O	S + to be (am, are, is) + V1-ing + O
		A rainbow cake is being made by them now	They are making a rainbow cake now
3	Present Perfect Tense	S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O	S + to be (am, are, is) + being + V3 + by + O
		Some candidates have been interviewed by the manager	The manager has interviewed some candidates
4	Present Perfect Continuous Tense	S + have/has + been + being + V3 + by + O	S + have/has + been + V1-ing + O
		English has been being spoken by many people	Many people have been speaking English
5	Simple Past Tense	S + to be (was, were) + V3 + by + O	S + V2 + O
		The movie was watched by Fadhila in the theatre last night	Fadhila watched the movie in the theatre last night
6	Past Continuous Tense	S + to be (was, were) + being + V3 + by + O	S + to be (was, were) + V1-ing + O
		Some books were being bought by her last night	She was buying some books last night
7	Past Perfect Tense	S + had + been + V3 + by + O	S + had not + V3 + O
		A good decision had been made by Carroll to leave Liverpool	Carroll had made a good decision to leave Liverpool
8	Past Perfect Continuous Tense	S + had + been + being + V3 + by + O	S + had + been + V1-ing + O
		This plant had been being watered by her	She had been watering this plant
9	Simple Future Tense	S + will be + V3 + by + O	S + will not + V1 + O
		The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week	The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
10	Future Continuous Tense	S + will + be + being + V3 + by + O	S + will + be + V1-ing + O
		They will be being met by him.	He will be meeting them.
11	Future Perfect Tense	S + will + have + been + V3 + by + O	S + will + have + V3 + O
		This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon	She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon
12	Future Perfect Continuous Tense	S + will + have + been + V1-ing + O	S + will + have + been + V1-ing + O
		This plant will have been being watered by her	She will have been watering this plant
13	Past Future Tense	S + would + be + V3 + by + O	S + would +  V1 + O
		A dictionary would be bought by us	We would buy a dictionary
14	Past Future Continuous Tense	S + would + be + being + V3 + by + O	S + would + be + V1-ing + O
		The music would be being listened by her when the phone rang	She would be listening to the music when the phone rang
15	Past Future Perfect Tense	S + would + have + been + V3 + by + O	S + would + have + V3 + O
		English would have been spoken by many people	Many people would have spoken English
16	Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense	S + would + have + been +being + V3 + by + O	S + would + have + been + V1-ing + O
		They would be being met by him	He would be meeting them

 

Referensi :

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

http://belajaringgris.web.id/rumus-passive-voice.html