Selasa, 09 Juni 2015

GLOBAL WARMING

GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the warming near the earth's surface that results when the earth's atmosphere traps the sun's heat. The earth is getting warmer. The changes are small, so far, but they are expected to grow and speed up. Within the next fifty to one hundred years, the earth may be hotter than it has been in the past million years. As oceans warm and glaciers melt, land and cities along coasts may be flooded. Heat and drought may cause forests to die and food crops to fail. Global warming will affect weather everywhere, plants and animals everywhere, people everywhere; humans are warming the earth's atmosphere by burning fuels, cutting down forest, and by taking part in other activities that release certain heat trapping gases into the air.
Global warming is affecting many parts of the world. Due to global warming, the glaciers are melting which are causing the rise in the sea level. When the level of the sea rises, it cause danger to the people living in the low lying areas. So, this cause a big problem for the people, plants and animals living on the earth. When the level of the sea rises, it covers the plants and causes some of them to die. When they die, animals lose their main source of food. We, human beings lose our two sources of food, plants and animals. It may also force people to lose their homes. In other words, the whole chain will get affected if nothing is done on time to stop global warming from spreading it’s wings.
There are few of the main causes that are contributing their best towards global warming, such as Landfills, Pollution, Deforestation, Population, etc. Landfills are those big chunks of garbage that you must have seen on some expressway, when you go out of your city, that stink. When we throw garbage out of our house it goes to landfills. The garbage is is then used by big recycling companies to make some useful products out from that garbage. Most of the time that garbage is burnt which then release some toxic gases into the atmosphere. These enormous amount of toxic greenhouse gases when go into the atmosphere makes global warming worse.
The other causes is pollution. Pollution whether it is vehicular, electrical or industrial is the main contributor to the global warming. Everyday billions of vehicles release various gases into the atmosphere. This causes earth to warm up and increase its average temperature. Electricity causes pollution in many ways.
Fossil fuels are burnt for example coal. Coal is burnt to produce electricity. Coal is the major fuel that is burnt in these power plants. Coal produces around 1.7 times as much carbon dioxide per unit of energy when flamed as does natural gas and 1.25 times as much as oil. Over 75% of the electricity worldwide is produced by burning fossil fuels. Many gases are sent into the air when fossil fuels are burnt of which main is the carbon dioxide gas.
Industries on the other hand release various gases into the water and air. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide are the major greenhouse gases. Different gases have different heat trapping capabilities. Some of them trap more heat than carbon dioxide. Methane is much more effective then carbon dioxide in entrapping heat in the atmosphere. By driving cars, using electricity from coal fired plants and heating up our homes from natural gases, we release carbon dioxide and other heat trapping gases in the atmosphere.
Deforestation is the cutting down of trees and plants to make way for any development activity. Carbon dioxide is the air that our body lets out when we breathe. Trees take in this carbon dioxide and release oxygen that we breathe in. With the cutting down of more and more trees is leading to greater concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. This means that it is very important to protect our trees to stop the greenhouse effect, and also so we can breathe and live. Deforestation is blamed for rise in the greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere by cutting or burning them. New development projects, requirement of land for homes and factories, requirement for wood and also soil erosion are the major factors that are causing deforestation, which in turn leading to global warming.
Another cause of global warming is population. Since Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming, the increase in population makes the problem worse because we breathe out carbon dioxide. More people means more demand for food, more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, more demand for cars, more demand for homes and they all in some how or other lead to global warming. More demand for food will lead to more transportation since movement of goods and services is done by transportation sector. More demand for cars means more pollution in the air and more traffic on the roads which means longer waiting time on the traffic lights and will result more burning of fuel. More demand for homes means cutting down of trees to make way for homes, schools and colleges.
Research shows that global warming is affecting every aspect of life. The increase in the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has far-reaching impact on biodiversity and climatic conditions of the planet. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. In short, global warming represents a fundamental threat to all living things on earth. Global average temperature rised significantly during the past century. The prevailing scientific view is that most of the temperature increases since mid-20th century has been caused by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations produced by human activity. Most scientists agree that planet’s temperature has risen 0.5 degree Celsius since 1900 and will continue to increase at an increasing rate. As a result, the world is getting warmer. The year 1990 was the hottest year in the last century. Together with 1991, the years of 1983, 1987, 1988 and 1989 have been measured to be the warmest six years in the last hundred years. The year 1991 was the second warmest year of the past century.
The consequences of the rise in temperature is being felt all over the globe the findings of scientific research done in this field reveal that the temperature of the earth is likely to rise from 1.4°C to 5.8°C within a period of 100 years. Unfortunately, the imbalance which we have created between our life and earth is already showing the signs disasters in the form of flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If the imbalance continues to rise, one day this will pose a question mark on the existence of this planet. Carbon dioxide (C02) which is an important constituent of environment is causing a warming effect on the earth’s surface.
It increases the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. Since water vapour itself is a greenhouse gas, this causes still more warming. The warming causes more water vapour to be evaporated. The C02 level is expected to rise in future due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and landuse change. The rate of rise will depend largely on uncertain economic, sociological, technological and natural developments. Other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone are also responsible for global warming. Increases in all these gases are due to explosive population growth, increased industrial expansion, technological advancement, deforestation and growing urbanisation, etc.
 Trees play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. They are the largest land-based mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the air. Deforestation is checking these positive processes. It is the second principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed. As a consequence of massive loss of forests, global CO, levels rise approximately 0.4 per cent each year, the levels not experienced on this planet for millions of years. As we know the forests are the great absorbers of CO.
The sea levels as a result of melting of glaciers have risen from 0.35 mm to 0.4 mm. Scientists have warned in their reports that most of the glaciers will disappear within a period of 15 to 25 years. It will create problems of drinking water and food grains in most of the North American countries. India is not unaffected from it. The Himalayan glaciers have shrunk about 30 per cent after 1970. The rise in sea levels is a major cause of concern. A large number of cities located in coastal areas will submerge in the sea. Besides, many island countries will ultimately “lose their existence and will be washed away from the surface of the earth. The damage of rising sea levels is diverse. Buildings and roads close to the water could be flooded and they could suffer damage from hurricanes and tropical storms. Experts believe that global warming could increase the intensity of hurricanes by over 50 per cent. In addition, as the sea rises, beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks.
The solutions for global warming issues is make a future fuels. Replacing fossil fuels may prove the great challenge of the 21st century. Many contenders exist, ranging from ethanol derived from crops to hydrogen electrolyzed out of water, but all of them have some drawbacks, too, and none are immediately available at the scale needed. Biofuels can have a host of negative impacts, from driving up food prices to sucking up more energy than they produce. Hydrogen must be created, requiring either reforming natural gas or electricity to crack water molecules. Biodiesel hybrid electric vehicles (that can plug into the grid overnight) may offer the best transportation solution in the short term, given the energy density of diesel and the carbon neutral ramifications of fuel from plants as well as the emissions of electric engines. A recent study found that the present amount of electricity generation in the U.S. could provide enough energy for the country's entire fleet of automobiles to switch to plug-in hybrids, reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the process. But plug-in hybrids would still rely on electricity, now predominantly generated by burning dirty coal. Massive investment in low-emission energy generation, whether solar-thermal power or nuclear fission, would be required to radically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. And even more speculative energy sources—hyperefficient photovoltaic cells, solar energy stations in orbit or even fusion—may ultimately be required.
A potentially simpler and even bigger impact can be made by doing more with less. Citizens of many developed countries are profligate wasters of energy, whether by speeding in a gas-guzzling sport-utility vehicle or leaving the lights on when not in a room. Good driving—and good car maintenance, such as making sure tires are properly inflated—can limit the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle and, perhaps more importantly, lower the frequency of payment at the pump. Similarly, employing more efficient refrigerators, air conditioners and other appliances, such as those rated highly under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Energy Star program, can cut electric bills while something as simple as weatherproofing the windows of a home can reduce heating and cooling bills. Such efforts can also be usefully employed at work, whether that means installing more efficient turbines at the power plant or turning the lights off when you leave the office.
Transportation is the second leading source of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. (burning a single gallon of gasoline produces 20 pounds of CO2). But it doesn't have to be that way. One way to dramatically curtail transportation fuel needs is to move closer to work, use mass transit, or switch to walking, cycling or some other mode of transport that does not require anything other than human energy. There is also the option of working from home and telecommuting several days a week. Cutting down on long-distance travel would also help, most notably airplane flights, which are one of the fastest growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions and a source that arguably releases such emissions in the worst possible spot (higher in the atmosphere). Flights are also one of the few sources of globe-warming pollution for which there isn't already a viable alternative: jets rely on kerosene, because it packs the most energy per pound, allowing them to travel far and fast, yet it takes roughly 10 gallons of oil to make one gallon of JetA fuel. Restricting flying to only critical, long-distance trips—in many parts of the world, trains can replace planes for short- to medium-distance trips—would help curb airplane emissions.
The other solutions is stop cutting down trees. Every year, 33 million acres of forests are cut down. Timber harvesting in the tropics alone contributes 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon to the atmosphere. That represents 20 percent of human-made greenhouse gas emissions and a source that could be avoided relatively easily. Improved agricultural practices along with paper recycling and forest management—balancing the amount of wood taken out with the amount of new trees growing—could quickly eliminate this significant chunk of emissions. And when purchasing wood products, such as furniture or flooring, buy used goods or, failing that, wood certified to have been sustainably harvested. The Amazon and other forests are not just the lungs of the earth, they may also be humanity's best short-term hope for limiting climate change or global warming.









References

3.      http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/10-solutions-for-climate-change/

DRUGS ABUSE

DRUGS ABUSE
One of the big problems in Indonesia is the issue of drugs abuse among the youth. Most people now already know what drugs is, drugs are deadly objects and how to use them can be done by means of inhaled, injected or by drunk. The way to get the drug was now very easy because of the presence of drugs are now scattered throughout the world and that selling drugs is now very much. The victims of drug abuse is now very much and do not look at people and age. When someone already using drugs then the person would be regrettable if addicted. Deeply in spare when teenagers in Indonesia taking drugs because by wearing or using drugs effects will arise is that it can cause death.
            Many factors causing teenagers use of drugs originally they ventured, lack of attention from parents, the bad and promiscuity friend. A teenager sometimes felt eager and they begin to try and drift by a drug addict and brought them into the highly misleading. They will do anything to be bought and get the drug. After taking the drug that they cannot think to clearly and they cannot distinguish which is right and which is wrong for their lives. One who consumes drug will be losing my edge higher in fact they do not remember the allah. There are too much impact will arise because the use of drugs for example: teenagers will go free, and promiscuity free sex and drunken.
            Many people who had been taking drugs to excess would be at risk of death because of drugs can interfere with the immune system of the body. The users of drugs csn affected of AIDS disease which is caused by the HIV. A virus can be transmitted by the used interchangeably of syringes or syringes are not steril. Much people think people who use drugs will be desperate to do anything. The man who have become addicts to be indifferent or do not care at others because they believe in this world nothing is important unless it can be taking drugs.
            Lately the spread of drugs not preventable anymore because we too much people spreading not liable . The unscrupulous have already started to in search of prey at school , discotheques nor in places where young people gather . Drug users have physical features and behaviors that very different to others who do not use drugs . One who wears drugs can be seen from the face of lethargy , red eyes , dry mouth , brownish red lips , behave strange and be relaxed . The other features , for example: to be morose or become loner , hang out with a friend until night , away of the family , petulant and selfish , so that the addict were there recklessness in do whatever he wanted .
            In indonesia problem of drugs is still difficult to finish can in individually , but these drug problem to be solved jointly . Now the effort that can be done to minimize the use of drugs for teenagers , the most important is the role of parents , family and the surrounding environment . A child really need affection from his parents because affection of parents who will help the youth to avoid drugs . As parents must paid enough attention both in terms of materil , emotional , intellectual and social . Efforts at prevention can do with how to improve and ketakwaan faith to god and avoid bad habits like drink liquor and smoking

            We can also make efforts prevention by anti narcotics order to provide counseling to schools and universities , to the person who already use drugs we have to persuade them that they may want to undergo rehabilitation . Every human being must have made a mistake so never give up , we have to going to get to be able to reach their . The youth indonesia should be brave said it was great to narkoba.generasi are the drug who do not use .